![]() ![]() ![]() Therefore, different weather-based indices have been developed such as the temperature humidity index (THI) and heat load index (HLI) which are commonly used weather-based indices for monitoring cattle heat stress at commercial level. In cattle, response to heat stress can be visually observed as elevated respiration rate or panting, but continuous visual monitoring is labour intensive, time consuming and subjective. However, a greater intensity and duration of heat exposure can exceed thermoregulatory capacity leading to an increase in internal body temperature beyond the normal limit that ultimately evokes different animal responses to heat. Under warm thermal conditions, cattle adjust their physiological and behavioural responses as an integral part of thermoregulation to maintain internal body temperature within a safe range. Warming of the atmosphere can impact worldwide cattle production directly by compromising health, welfare and productivity, and indirectly by reducing the quality and quantity of animal feed. 4Thermal Ergonomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaĬlimate change related global warming is likely to continue, despite all mitigation measures taken by humans, due to the lag effect of long-term anthropogenic activities.3Allflex Australia Pty Ltd., Capalaba, QLD, Australia.2Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.1Livestock Production and Welfare Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia. ![]() Ashraful Islam 1,2 *, Sabrina Lomax 1, Amanda Doughty 3, Mohammed Rafiq Islam 1, Ollie Jay 4, Peter Thomson 1 and Cameron Clark 1 ![]()
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